Oxytocin – a stimulator of directed sperm transport in humans

Rhythmic peristaltic contractions of the muscular wall of the non-pregnant uterus, as well as rapid sperm transport from the vagina to the Fallopian tubes, have long been documented by means of vaginal sonography and hysterosalpingoscintigraphy. Uterine peristaltic activity reaches a maximum before ovulation and is controlled via oestradiol secretion from the dominant follicle systemically and into the utero-ovarian countercurrent system; it is also enhanced by oxytocin. In this study, the effect of oxytocin and its receptor antagonist atosiban on uterine peristalsis and thus directed sperm transport during the mid and late follicular phases was examined. Atosiban did not show any effect either on frequency or on pattern of the peristaltic contractions. However, oxytocin significantly increased the rapid and directed transport of radiolabelled particles representing spermatozoa from the vagina into the Fallopian tube ipsilateral to the site of the dominant follicle (P = 0.02, 0.04 and 0.02 after 1, 16 and 32 min of documentation respectively). It seems reasonable to assume that oxytocin plays an important, although not critical, role in the mechanisms governing rapid sperm ascension that, at least in humans, were developed to rapidly preserve an aliquot of spermatozoa following intercourse.

Authors: Kunz, G.¹; Beil, D.²; Huppert, P.²; Leyendecker, G.³

Source: Reproductive BioMedicine Online, Volume 14, Number 1, January 2007 , pp. 32-39(8)

Publisher: Reproductive Healthcare Ltd

Oxytocin is a controlled substance.
Click here to read about a sublingual Homeopatic formulation designed to enable the body to release its own natural oxytocin.

Tags: Oxytocin, Love+hormone, Oxytocin+trust+love+generosity, Oxytocin+bonding

Love Hormone, Oxytocin & Social Phobia

Trust even after betrayal — quite difficult isn’t it? But a new sublingual ox­y­to­cin will make it possible by filling the brain with ‘love hormones’ which will make people learn to trust again after betrayal. Scientists from Zurich University said their findings may also help in understanding the neural basis of social disorders such as phobias and autism. They have demonstrated that people can feel trust again after being betrayed, by manipulating the parts of the brain that respond to betrayal. They have pinpointed the two brain regions that respond to being betrayed or cheated.

Dr Mauricio Delgado, a psychologist at Rutgers University in New Jersey said, “When trust has been broken, something has to allow you to move on with your life and learn to trust again.” Here something was ‘oxytocin. It’s this important chemical which helps in maintaining equilibrium between forgiving and forgetting with learning from mistakes.”

In another study Thom­as Baum­gart­ner of the Uni­ver­s­ity of Zu­rich and col­leagues conducted an study using 49 male volunteers who were made to play two types of games –a trust game and a risk game. The volunteers also received brain chemical, oxytocin or a placebo via nasal spray. They were not able to tell the difference between the two. The brains of the volunteers were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the game. In the first game of trust, the participants were asked to give money, with the understanding that the trustee would invest the money and decide whether to return the profits or betray the subjects’ trust and keep all the money. In the second game i.e risk game, the human trustee was replaced by a computer which gave random returns. The researchers said that subjects in first game who received oxytocin were willing to invest again even after their trust was broken by the trustee, while the placebo group became less willing to invest. While in the risk game, the hormone made no difference to the players’ investment behavior. “We can see that oxytocin has a very powerful effect,” Dr Baumgartner said. “The subjects who received oxytocin demonstrated no change in their trust behavior, even though they were informed that their trust was not honoured in roughly 50% of cases. Our insights into the neural circuitry of trust adaptation and oxytocin’s role in trust adaptation, may also contribute to a deeper understanding of mental disorders such as social phobia or autisy that are associated with social deficits. In particular, social phobia (which is the third most common mental health disorder) is characterized by persistent fear and avoidance of social interactions.”

In the experiment, researchers found that oxytocin (OT) decreased activity in two brain regions, only in the trust game and not in risk game. The amygdala was the one region in the brain that processes fear, danger and risk of social betrayal and the other part was striatum, part of the circuitry that guides behaviour based on feedback from rewards.

Researchers showed that the brain hormone, oxytocin affected subjects’ responses specifically related to trust. Social phobia or social anxiety disorder is characterized by extreme and persistent anxiety associated with social or performance situations. A person with social phobia experiences anxiety in situations where they are likely to be scrutinised and observed by others. They may have persistent fears about being judged, criticised, ridiculed or humiliated. Scientists believe that the amygdala is responsible for the symptoms of social Phobia as its the central site in the brain that controls fear responses and produces the symptoms of anxiety disorders. Cognitive-behavior therapy is useful in treating social phobia.

The findings of the study was published in the May 22, 2008, issue of the journal Neuron.

Oxytocin is a controlled substance.
Click here to read about a sublingual Homeopatic formulation designed to enable the body to release its own natural oxytocin.

Click here for more info about other natural products

Tags: Oxytocin, Oxytocin+Windows+to+soul, love+hormone, oxytocin+Social+phobia

Depression Under the Perspective of Oxytocin

Stress may lead animal and human behavior to an unstable condition in short and long term. It is a risk factor to a mental disorder such as depression, which is generally related to a failure after an effort. Its high prevalence is worldwide and it is a WHO (World Health Organization) concern. Depression may impair social, economical and affective relationships, besides bringing great suffering to the human being. The main symptoms are decreased energy and motivation, anhedonia, sadness, difficulty for concentration and memory, bonding disruptions, etc. The most accepted hypothesis for depression can be well recognized by the main drugs currently adopted for its treatment: they include serotonin and noradrenaline as their fundamental basis. However, their efficacies are still limited.

A promising candidate that might help modulate this disease is oxytocin (OT). OT is a nonapeptide produced by the hypothalamus which exerts central and peripheral effects, not only during pregnancy and lactation, but acts in male and non pregnant females as well. It is being considered as an antistress neuropeptide and it has antidepressive effects. 

This review will not cover all aspects of the multifactorial disorder such as depression into all its variables. However, it may contribute to the understanding of one possible component, the oxytocinergic system.

Oxytocin is a controlled substance.
Click here to read about a sublingual Homeopatic formulation designed to enable the body to release its own natural oxytocin.

Author: Rosat Consiglio, Angelica¹

Source: Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry(Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry – Central Nervous System Agents), Volume 6, Number 4, December 2006 , pp. 293-310(18)

Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers

Be Confidence and define yourself

Click here for more information about natural products

Tags: Oxytocin, Love+trust+generosity, Oxytocin+depression, hard+rock+erection

Oxytocin: breast, nipple, areola and orgasm

The male or female breast/nipple/areola complex arises from a common mammary stem cell and develops similarly in the foetus and during infancy. At puberty the male’s breasts remain rudimentary but the female’s develop further, mainly through oestrogen and progesterone stimulation, and become more sensitive. Female breasts serve both nutritive and sexual functions, unlike other primates they develop at puberty before lactation is necessary. Their sexual attraction is through size, shape and their areolae but also, when unrestrained, their jiggling movements. Small breasts are more sensitive than large. Pregnancy and lactation increase their size. Breast feeding releases oxytocin (milk release) and prolactin (milk secretion), other functions have been proposed for the latter. The pigmented areola contains tubercles of Montgomery that secrete a fluid protecting the skin and creating an olfactory signal for baby and possibly lover; areola corrugation immediately after orgasm physically signals that orgasm has occurred. Male and female (non-pregnant) nipple stimulation has been claimed to induce prolactin secretion but confirmation is needed. Young adult women and men report that breast stimulation not only induces their sexual arousal but enhances it when already aroused.

Oxytocin is a controlled substance.
Click here to read about a sublingual Homeopatic formulation designed to enable the body to release its own natural oxytocin.

Author: Levin, Roy¹

Source: Sexual & Relationship Therapy, Volume 21, Number 2, May 2006 , pp. 237-249(13)

Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group

Dont wait for perfect moment, make a moment perfect

Click here for more natural products

Tags: oxytocin, brest+orgasm, oxytocin+nipple, oxytocin+birth, oxytocin+areola, hard+rock+erection

Oxytocin, a mediator of anti-stress, well-being, social interaction, growth and healing

The neuroendocrine and physiological systems related to pain and stress have long been subjected to study. More recently, the corresponding systems promoting antistress and restoration have also come into focus. It is not only important to investigate the mechanisms underlying disease but also to examine the physiological and psychological mechanisms which protect and heal the body and soul. The nonapeptide oxytocin, originally known to stimulate labour and milk ejection, appears to play an important role in this regard. Oxytocin can induce anti-stress-like effects such as reduction of blood pressure and cortisol levels. It increases pain thresholds, exerts an anxiolytic-like effect and stimulates various types of positive social interaction. In addition, it promotes growth and healing.

Repeated exposure to oxytocin causes long-lasting effects by influencing the activity of other transmitter systems, a pattern which makes oxytocin potentially clinically relevant.

Oxytocin can be released by various types of non-noxious sensory stimulation, for example by touch and warmth. Ingestion of food triggers oxytocin release by activation of vagal afferents. Most likely, oxytocin can also be released by stimulation of other senses such as olfaction, as well as by certain types of sound and light. In addition, purely psychological mechanisms may trigger the release of oxytocin. This means that positive interaction involving touch and psychological support may be health-promoting. The social interaction of daily life, as well as a positive environment, continuously activate this system. In addition, various types of psychotherapy involving transfer of support, warmth and empathy are likely to induce similar effects, which thus contribute to the positive effects of these kinds of therapies.

Oxytocin is a controlled substance.
Click here to read about a sublingual Homeopatic formulation designed to enable the body to release its own natural oxytocin.

Authors: Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin¹; Petersson, Maria²

Source: Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Volume 51, Number 1, January 2005 , pp. 57-80(24)

Publisher: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

Be confidence and define yourself.

Click here for more information about HBC Protocols all natural products

Tags: Love+trust+bonding, Hard+rock+erection, oxytocin, generosity, natural+cialis, natural+viagra

Oxytocin stimulates colonic motor activity in healthy women

The effects of oxytocin in the gastrointestinal tract are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of infusion of oxytocin on colonic motility and sensitivity in healthy women. Fourteen healthy women were investigated twice. A 6-channel perfusion catheter, with three recording points (2 cm apart) proximally and three recording points distally to a barostat balloon, was inserted to the splenic flexure. An intestinal feeding tube was placed in the mid-duodenum. A 90-min duodenal lipid infusion of 3 kcal min^-1 was administered. Thirty minutes after the start of the lipid infusion, the subject randomly received either 20 or 40 mU min^-1 of oxytocin, or isotonic saline as intravenous infusions for 90 min. Meanwhile, the colonic motility was recorded. During the last 30 min of oxytocin and saline infusion, the visceral sensitivity to balloon distensions was examined. During lipid infusion the number of antegrade contractions per hour was 0.7 ± 0.3 after saline and 3.9 ± 1.4 after oxytocin (P = 0.03), indicating more pronounced lumen-occlusive contractile activity after oxytocin administration. Some of these consisted of high-amplitude (> 103 mmHg in amplitude) antegrade contractions. Lipid infusion evoked a decrease of the balloon volume, reflecting increased colonic tone, but there was no difference between saline and oxytocin. Sensory thresholds did not differ significantly between saline and oxytocin. Infusion of oxytocin stimulates antegrade peristaltic contractions in stimulated colon in healthy women. The effects of oxytocin on colonic motor activity deserve to be further explored, especially in patients with colonic peristaltic dysfunction.

Oxytocin is a controlled substance.
Click here to read about a sublingual Homeopatic formulation designed to enable the body to release its own natural oxytocin.

Authors: Ohlsson B.¹; Ringström G.²; Abrahamsson H.²; Simrén M.²; Björnsson E.S.²

Source: Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Volume 16, Number 2, April 2004 , pp. 233-240(8)

Publisher: Blackwell Publishing

Don’t wait for perfect moment, make a moment perfect

Click here for more information about HBC protocols natual products.

 

Tags: Research+grade+oxytocin, Love+trust+generosity, Oxytocin+the+bonding+hormon

Oxytocin and the neurochemistry of pair bonding

The formation and maintenance of social attachments are fundamental to human biology. Because deficits in the ability to form such attachments are associated with a variety of psychological disorders, an understanding of the neural basis of social attachment may provide insights into the causes of such disorders. Comparative studies using several closely related species of voles that display different social organizations and behaviors have begun to provide important insights into the neurochemical events underlying social attachment. Here we review recent developments in the study of social attachment, focusing on the roles of specific neurochemical systems in pair-bond formation.

Oxytocin is a controlled substance.
Click here to read about a sublingual Homeopatic formulation designed to enable the body to release its own natural oxytocin.

Authors: Curtis J.T.; Wang Z.

Source: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Volume 12, Number 2, April 2003 , pp. 49-53(5)

Publisher: Blackwell Publishing

Be Confidence and define yourself

More information about HBC Protocols natural products

 

Tags: REsearch+grade+oxytocin, Love+trust+bonding, Generosity, hard+rock+erection.

Oxytocin: the neurochemistry of trust

Oxytocin: the neurochemistry of trust

Oxytocin: the neurochemistry of reducing fear

Oxytocin: The Neurochemistry of Forgiving and Forgetting

Trust forms the foundation of healthy relationships, and now scientists are zeroing in on how the feeling is triggered by chemicals in the brain. A new study shows that the hormone oxytocin may spur us to trust others even after they have betrayed us by suppressing a region of the brain that signals fear. The findings could lead to a better understanding of social phobias and related disorders.

Previous research has shown that oxytocin increases our feelings of trust and plays an important role in bonding with others (ScienceNOW, 1 June 2005). But the areas of the brain it acts on to produce that effect have remained a mystery. To get a better handle on how the hormone affects our noggins, Thomas Baumgartner, a neuroscientist at the University of Zürich, Switzerland, and colleagues monitored the brain activity of 49 men while they engaged in a game involving trust and betrayal.

In the game, the men were given money that they could share with another person who might increase the funds through investments and split the profits or betray them and keep all the money. When volunteers got a whiff of oxytocin via a nasal spray, their trust did not diminish even when the second player kept the money to himself half the time. In contrast, men who received a placebo spray reduced the amount of money they forked over.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brains of the men who received oxytocin showed a drop in activity in a region called the amygdala, which plays a key role in triggering fear. The dorsal striatum, a region involved in learning from mistakes, also showed diminished activity. However, oxytocin did not reduce activity in these brain regions when the men played a similar game with a computer, confirming that the interaction with another person–and not just the hormone–was required to spur the changes, the researchers report in the 22 May issue of Neuron.

The findings suggest that oxytocin helps us maintain relationships by decreasing our fear of betrayal and other potential negative consequences of interacting with others, says Mauricio Delgado, a cognitive neuroscientist at Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey. “Humans are typically averse towards social risks, so a little bit of oxytocin may facilitate carrying on relationships with others,” he says.

The findings raise the possibility that social phobia is caused in part by a defect in how oxytocin normally regulates brain activity, Baumgartner says. Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, a neuroscientist at the Central Institute of Mental Health in Mannheim, Germany, suggests that oxytocin signaling could also be disrupted in other disorders in which lack of trust or social attachment is a prominent problem, such as autism and schizophrenia.

Click here for more information and ordering option

Don’t wait for perfect moment. Be Confidence Make a moment perfect.

 

 

Tags: Love+and+trust, Love+and+generosity, Love+and+bonding, Confidence+Rx+all+natural+hard+rock+erection

Oxytocin may help people move on after fear and betrayal

Swiss researchers have shown that the hormone first discovered for its role in labor and lactation also helps people learn to trust again after betrayal. The hormone has been linked to trust before, but the new study, published in the May 22 Neuron, is the first to demonstrate that oxytocin works on a brain region involved with fear processing and areas involved in anticipating reward and resolving conflict. “When trust has been broken, something has to allow you to move on with your life and learn to trust again,” says Mauricio Delgado, a cognitive neuroscientist at Rutgers University in Newark, N.J. That something is oxytocin. The chemical is important in being able to balance forgiving and forgetting with learning from mistakes, he says.

Researchers led by Thomas Baumgartner at the University of Zurich in Switzerland gathered 49 male volunteers to play games of trust and risk while in an fMRI scanner. Some of the volunteers got a nasal spray of oxytocin, while the rest received a squirt of placebo. The men could not tell the difference between the two nasal sprays. One game involved the volunteers “investing” money (provided by the researchers) with a trustee. Half the time the trustee would share money with the investor. The rest of the time, the trustee pocketed all of the cash, violating the investor’s trust. In the other game, the volunteers played the lottery. This lottery paid off half the time just like the investment with the trustee, but the men didn’t feel betrayed if the lottery didn’t pay off. Researchers used the lottery game to determine how likely the men were to take risks.

After being betrayed, men were less likely to want to invest with a new trustee and were slower to hand over money if they had received the placebo spray than if they had received the oxytocin. Both groups of men were equally likely to risk money in the lottery game. Brain scans of the volunteers revealed that oxytocin dampened activity in the amygdala, a part of the brain that helps regulate emotions such as fear. The amygdala has been shown to be involved with judging the trustworthiness of faces, but the new study is the first to show that oxytocin can alter activity in that part of the brain during a trust exercise, Baumgartner says.

This study addresses oxytocin’s role in people’s general trust for other human beings after being betrayed, but does not show how oxytocin shapes the future of a relationship after a friend or family member breaks trust. The study also takes place under controlled laboratory conditions and doesn’t address what happens in the real world. “What happens with free-roaming humans? How do they learn to trust each other?” asks Paul Zak, a neuroeconomist at Claremont Graduate University in California. “They certainly don’t do it by spraying stuff up each other’s noses.”

Women are more powerfully affected by oxytocin, Zak says. He expects that a similar study on women might show larger differences in amygdala activity between the group on oxytocin and the placebo group.

Click here for more information and ordering option

Perfect combo – Define yourself with confidence-RX

Tags: Confidence+RX, Love+trust+bonding, Love+and+generosity

Mel Gibson talks about his bi-polar depression

Mel Gibson talks about being diagnosed as bipolar in a new documentary about the NIDA acting class of 1977. The Hollywood star was interviewed by his classmate Sally McKenzie about his memories as a student in a stellar year that included Judy Davis, Steve Bisley, Robert Menzies, Annie Byron, Debra Lawrance, Linda Newton and the theatre director Peter Kingston. “I had really good highs but some very low lows,” Gibson said. “I found out recently I’m manic depressive.”

While the interview dates back to 2002, the actor and director, who made headlines with a drunken outburst two years ago, has rarely talked about the condition. McKenzie, who wrote and directed the lively Acting Class Of 1977, which screens on ABC2 on Sunday week, said yesterday that it seemed like a genuine comment but she did not want to delve further. Other NIDA students had no idea that Gibson and Davis would be so successful. “Theatre was very much the focus of our training,” McKenzie said. “The thought of people being stars [in film and television] or having stellar careers was not really considered … It was all concentrated on the work and not on what was going to happen down the track.”

The actress who plays Mystic Marj in the TV series Mortified remembers the young Gibson as “very polite, self-deprecating, shy, certainly talented and just a really nice person … even a little bit embarrassed about the whole acting thing.” And Davis, who declined invitations to be in the documentary? McKenzie said she was “intense, private, very talented and idiosyncratic”.

Symmetry (Lithium Orotate) homeopathic Spray for bi polar depression

Tags: HBC+Protocols+Symetry+natural+depression+treatment, HBC+protocols+all+natural+vitamins, HBC+Protocols+all+natural+depression+treatment